Furthermore, the literature frequently reports results on vegan diets (excluding all animal products), which are less common but interesting because they lie at the extreme of the vegetarian spectrum. In the literature however, vegetarian diets are often lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets (and therefore frequently taken as being synonymous with “vegetarian diets”). In this review, in accordance with standard definitions, we will consider as vegetarian diets all those which exclude meat and fish, regardless of whether other animal products such as dairy and/or eggs are also excluded. Vegetarianism refers to the exclusion of meat, fish, seafood and possibly other animal products such as dairy and eggs. Globally, human dietary patterns range substantially in the degree of inclusion vs.
Given the growing shifts in recommendations from nutrition health professionals for people to transition to more plant-based, whole-food diets, additional scientific evidence-based communications confirming the protein adequacy of vegetarian and vegan diets is warranted. This contrasts with the situation in children where there are no specific concerns regarding protein adequacy because of their very high energy requirements compared to those of protein. We also specifically address this in older adults, where the issues linked to the protein adequacy of vegetarian diets are more complex. Our review addresses the adequacy in changes to protein patterns in people newly transitioning to vegetarian diets. We point out that protein-rich foods, such as traditional legumes, nuts and seeds, are sufficient to achieve full protein adequacy in adults consuming vegetarian/vegan diets, while the question of any amino acid deficiency has been substantially overstated.
In this review, we examine the protein and amino acid intakes from vegetarian diets followed by adults in western countries and gather information in terms of adequacy for protein and amino acids requirements, using indirect and direct data to estimate nutritional status. While animal products are rich in protein, the adequacy of dietary protein intake from vegetarian/vegan diets has long been controversial.
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